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The Indians believed that the northern lights were the light of the souls of the departed. The brighter the light, the happier they were

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july.krikun@gmail.com

Aurora

borealis

— silent

music

of night

The most spectacular side of magnetic storms

About phenomen

In 1619 the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used the term "Northern Lights" and called the phenomenon in honor of Aurora, the Roman goddess of sunrise Aurora

He filled hollow tubes with nitrogen, neon, hydrogen, argon, and other rarefied gases by passing an electric current through them. Each gas, depending on its wavelength, glowed (luminesced) differently:

Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to find the answer to the question of what it is. Conducting countless experiments, he suggested the electric nature of this phenomenon.

The northern lights is a glow of the upper layers of the atmosphere, arising from the interaction of the planet's magnetosphere with charged particles of the solar wind

Meaning another name Aurora Borealis

— oxygen (200-400 km)

— oxygen (up to 100 km)

— hydrogen

— nitrogen

About phenomen

In 1619 the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used the term "Northern Lights" and called the phenomenon in honor of Aurora, the Roman goddess of sunrise Aurora

He filled hollow tubes with nitrogen, neon, hydrogen, argon, and other rarefied gases by passing an electric current through them. Each gas, depending on its wavelength, glowed (luminesced) differently:

Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to find the answer to the question of what it is. Conducting countless experiments, he suggested the electric nature of this phenomenon.

The northern lights is a glow of the upper layers of the atmosphere, arising from the interaction of the planet's magnetosphere with charged particles of the solar wind

Имеется ввиду другое название Aurora Borealis

— oxygen (200-400 km)

— oxygen (up to 100 km)

— hydrogen

— nitrogen

About phenomen

In 1619 the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used the term "Northern Lights" and called the phenomenon in honor of Aurora, the Roman goddess of sunrise Aurora

He filled hollow tubes with nitrogen, neon, hydrogen, argon, and other rarefied gases by passing an electric current through them. Each gas, depending on its wavelength, glowed (luminesced) differently:

Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to find the answer to the question of what it is. Conducting countless experiments, he suggested the electric nature of this phenomenon.

The northern lights is a glow of the upper layers of the atmosphere, arising from the interaction of the planet's magnetosphere with charged particles of the solar wind

Имеется ввиду другое название Aurora Borealis

— oxygen (200-400 km)

— oxygen (up to 100 km)

— hydrogen

— nitrogen

How it arises

The reason for the appearance of the Northern Lights is the explosions on the Sun, as a result of which charged particles (corpuscles) rush into the ionosphere of the Earth

These explosions occur without warning and can release huge amounts of radioactive radiation and particles

Solar flare

Flows of gas particles and magnetic clouds from the surface of the sun rush in different directions

Sunny Wind

When the wind streams reach Earth, its magnetic field deflects a large part of them. If the storm is strong, the fields direct some of the solar plasma flows along magnetic lines toward the poles

Earth's magnetic field

When the wind reaches Earth, its magnetic field deflects most of it. If the storm is strong, the fields direct some of the solar plasma flows along magnetic lines toward the poles

Path of particles to Earth

Wind particles collide with molecules of atmospheric gases, turning neutral atoms into charged ions. This process is called ionization

Collision with the atmosphere

Path of particles to Earth

Sunny Wind

Earth's magnetic field

Solar flare

Collision with the atmosphere

When the wind reaches Earth, its magnetic field deflects most of it. If the storm is strong, the fields direct some of the solar plasma flows along magnetic lines toward the poles

Flows of gas particles and magnetic clouds from the surface of the sun rush in different directions

When the wind streams reach Earth, its magnetic field deflects a large part of them. If the storm is strong, the fields direct some of the solar plasma flows along magnetic lines toward the poles

These explosions occur without warning and can release huge amounts of radioactive radiation and particles

Wind particles collide with molecules of atmospheric gases, turning neutral atoms into charged ions. This process is called ionization

Top 9 locations

Abisko, Lapland, Sweden

Jokulsarlon glacier lagoon, Iceland

Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia

Tromsø, Northern Norway

Khatanga, Krasnoyarsk district, Russia

Akureyri, Northern Island

Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway

Murmansk, Murmansk region, Russia

Khibiny, Kola Peninsula, Russia

Атмосфера Земли меньше всего защищена в областях полярных регионов, поэтому они более подвержены влиянию солнечной погоды

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Top 9 locations

Abisko, Lapland, Sweden

Jokulsarlon glacier lagoon, Iceland

Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia

Tromsø, Northern Norway

Khatanga, Krasnoyarsk District, Russia

Akureyri, Northern Island

Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway

Murmansk, Murmansk region, Russia

Khibiny, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The Indians believed that the northern lights were the light of the souls of the departed. The brighter the light, the happier they were

The Earth's atmosphere is least protected in areas of the polar regions (auroral latitudes), so they are more susceptible to the effects of variable solar weather

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

The Earth's atmosphere is least protected in areas of the polar regions (auroral latitudes), so they are more susceptible to the effects of variable solar weather

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

The Earth's atmosphere is least protected in areas of the polar regions (auroral latitudes), so they are more susceptible to the effects of variable solar weather

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

The Earth's atmosphere is least protected in areas of the polar regions (auroral latitudes), so they are more susceptible to the effects of variable solar weather

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

[ auroral latitude ]

[ subauroral latitude ]

[ rare occurrences ]

[ very rare occurrences ]

Most spectacular

An 18th-century church and new chapels near Kurtiaevo. It's 28 degrees below zero

Arkhangelsk

Photo by Mikhail Karpov

The Expedition 32 crew on the International Space Station captured a series of photographs of the northern lights while flying about 240 kilometers above the Earth's surface

ISS

Photo by NASA

"Serenity," Lake Tekapo. The author was on a photo trip when the aurora alerts started appearing on his phone

Four and a half hours from the Rhine, on the Lofoten Islands. The author has taken more than 3 million photos of the Northern Lights, being retired due to illness and having all the time he needs to explore his hobby

"Spectrum. Full spectrum of the northern lights over the iconic Vestrahorn site in Iceland. Geomagnetic storm G3 (strong) struck Earth on October 31, 2021 and caused these amazing colors

New Zealand

Norway

Iceland

Photo by Larryn Rae

Photo by frank olsen

Photo byStefan Liebermann

Kola district, Murmansk region. It was 34 degrees below zero and because of the extreme weather the photo was created in stages: a photo for the foreground and one for the sky

The holy grail of photography in Iceland is to photograph an aurora over the eruption of the Geldingadalir volcano. It's a once-in-a-lifetime photo

Teriberka

Iceland

Photo by Alexei R.

Photo by Jeroen Van Nieuwenhove

"The Aurora Cave, Lofoten Islands. Photographing inside caves is never easy, but the natural frames and the three-dimensional effect they give are worth it

Iceland

Photo by Giulio Cobianchi

"Keepers Of The Lake", Lake Sakakawea

North Dakota

Photo by Marshall Lipp

An 18th-century church and new chapels near Kurtiaevo. It's 28 degrees below zero

Arkhangelsk

Photo by Mikhail Karpov

The Expedition 32 crew on the International Space Station captured a series of photographs of the northern lights while flying about 240 kilometers above the Earth's surface

ISS

Photo by NASA

"Serenity," Lake Tekapo. The author was on a photo trip when the aurora alerts started appearing on his phone

Four and a half hours from the Rhine, on the Lofoten Islands. The author has taken more than 3 million photos of the Northern Lights, being retired due to illness and having all the time he needs to explore his hobby

"Spectrum. Full spectrum of the northern lights over the iconic Vestrahorn site in Iceland. Geomagnetic storm G3 (strong) struck Earth on October 31, 2021 and caused these amazing colors

New Zealand

Norway

Iceland

Photo by Larryn Rae

Photo by frank olsen

Photo byStefan Liebermann

Kola district, Murmansk region. It was 34 degrees below zero and because of the extreme weather the photo was created in stages: a photo for the foreground and one for the sky

The holy grail of photography in Iceland is to photograph an aurora over the eruption of the Geldingadalir volcano. It's a once-in-a-lifetime photo

Teriberka

Iceland

Photo by Alexei R.

Photo by Jeroen Van Nieuwenhove

"The Aurora Cave, Lofoten Islands. Photographing inside caves is never easy, but the natural frames and the three-dimensional effect they give are worth it

Iceland

Photo by Giulio Cobianchi

"Keepers Of The Lake", Lake Sakakawea

North Dakota

Photo by Marshall Lipp

An infrequent form of bright radiance overhead. Bright, multiple ribbons, rays may be with beads, with a border, in the whole sky overhead. In this form, the northern lights are the most spectacular, bright, well distinguishable colors, pink, white, bright green

The Crown

Often found form, combined with beads, rays, pillars, lies in the basis of the crown

Ribbon

Stable red auroral arcs (SAR) at middle auroral latitudes -—an example of heating of electrons in the upper part of the Earth’s ionosphere (400 km). Heating leads to the appearance of red glow layers of the atmosphere located very close to the Earth’s surface. Increase of temperature causes red glow with a wavelength of 630nm, excitation of the lowest layers of atomic oxygen

SAR (Stable Arc Red)

A rare form of atmospheric glow, similar to sand barchans, shimmering dim waves. At subauroral latitudes are often in the zenith

Dunes

One of the most frequent forms, sometimes bright, sometimes not very bright. Included in the form of the Crown, if located above the head of the observer. Has green, pink colors, it is good to observe at a distance of ~ 200 km from the aurora

Rays

Form of atmospheric luminescence at subauroral latitudes. It is not northern lights. Appears overhead at latitudes 60 degrees north latitude

STEVE

Spectacular form, well observed on the horizon and abфove head, bright ribbons often decorated with pinkish border. The eyes well distinguish this dynamic form

Edging

Types of aurora

An infrequent form of bright radiance overhead. Bright, multiple ribbons, rays may be with beads, with a border, in the whole sky overhead. In this form, the northern lights are the most spectacular, bright, well distinguishable colors, pink, white, bright green

The Crown

Often found form, combined with beads, rays, pillars, lies in the basis of the crown

Ribbon

Stable red auroral arcs (SAR) at middle auroral latitudes -—an example of heating of electrons in the upper part of the Earth’s ionosphere (400 km). Heating leads to the appearance of red glow layers of the atmosphere located very close to the Earth’s surface. Increase of temperature causes red glow with a wavelength of 630nm, excitation of the lowest layers of atomic oxygen

SAR (Stable Arc Red)

A rare form of atmospheric glow, similar to sand barchans, shimmering dim waves. At subauroral latitudes are often in the zenith

Dunes

One of the most frequent forms, sometimes bright, sometimes not very bright. Included in the form of the Crown, if located above the head of the observer. Has green, pink colors, it is good to observe at a distance of ~ 200 km from the aurora

Rays

Form of atmospheric luminescence at subauroral latitudes. It is not northern lights. Appears overhead at latitudes 60 degrees north latitude

STEVE

Spectacular form, well observed on the horizon and above head, bright ribbons often decorated with pinkish border. The eyes well distinguish this dynamic form

Edging

Types of aurora

An infrequent form of bright radiance overhead. Bright, multiple ribbons, rays may be with beads, with a border, in the whole sky overhead. In this form, the northern lights are the most spectacular, bright, well distinguishable colors, pink, white, bright green

The Crown

Often found form, combined with beads, rays, pillars, lies in the basis of the crown

Ribbon

Stable red auroral arcs (SAR) at middle auroral latitudes -—an example of heating of electrons in the upper part of the Earth’s ionosphere (400 km). Heating leads to the appearance of red glow layers of the atmosphere located very close to the Earth’s surface. Increase of temperature causes red glow with a wavelength of 630nm, excitation of the lowest layers of atomic oxygen

SAR (Stable Arc Red)

A rare form of atmospheric glow, similar to sand barchans, shimmering dim waves. At subauroral latitudes are often in the zenith

Dunes

One of the most frequent forms, sometimes bright, sometimes not very bright. Included in the form of the Crown, if located above the head of the observer. Has green, pink colors, it is good to observe at a distance of ~ 200 km from the aurora

Rays

Form of atmospheric luminescence at subauroral latitudes. It is not northern lights. Appears overhead at latitudes 60 degrees north latitude

STEVE

Spectacular form, well observed on the horizon and above head, bright ribbons often decorated with pinkish border. The eyes well distinguish this dynamic form

Edging

Types of aurora

An infrequent form of bright radiance overhead. Bright, multiple ribbons, rays may be with beads, with a border, in the whole sky overhead. In this form, the northern lights are the most spectacular, bright, well distinguishable colors, pink, white, bright green

The Crown

Often found form, combined with beads, rays, pillars, lies in the basis of the crown

Ribbon

Stable red auroral arcs (SAR) at middle auroral latitudes -—an example of heating of electrons in the upper part of the Earth’s ionosphere (400 km). Heating leads to the appearance of red glow layers of the atmosphere located very close to the Earth’s surface. Increase of temperature causes red glow with a wavelength of 630nm, excitation of the lowest layers of atomic oxygen

SAR (Stable Arc Red)

A rare form of atmospheric glow, similar to sand barchans, shimmering dim waves. At subauroral latitudes are often in the zenith

Dunes

One of the most frequent forms, sometimes bright, sometimes not very bright. Included in the form of the Crown, if located above the head of the observer. Has green, pink colors, it is good to observe at a distance of ~ 200 km from the aurora

Rays

Form of atmospheric luminescence at subauroral latitudes. It is not northern lights. Appears overhead at latitudes 60 degrees north latitude

STEVE

Spectacular form, well observed on the horizon and abфove head, bright ribbons often decorated with pinkish border. The eyes well distinguish this dynamic form

Edging

Types of aurora

Julia Fedotova

The project is made in educational purposes on Course from Anya Melnik and Sasha Vasilyev and not commercial. All materials are taken from open sources and belong to their authors

2023

www.juliafedotova.ru

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